Incidence of dementia in a population cohort of older people from São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of dementia in a community-dwelling older population from São Paulo city, Brazil. METHODS/DESIGN: This two-phase prospective cohort study evaluated a representative cluster sample of 1370 individuals aged 60 years old and over from three different socioeconomic levels. The community screening phase consisted of a tested combination of cognitive and functional tests administered among the subjects and informants. In the hospital diagnosis phase, the Cambridge Examination was performed; the diagnosis of dementia and dementia subtypes was made according to DSM IV criteria. Incidence rates were expressed in person-years, multiplied by 1000. The risk of developing dementia was calculated using Cox regression. RESULTS: Among 1370 eligible subjects, 678 were accessed, and 489 completed the evaluation. Forty-two subjects were diagnosed with dementia. The incidence rate of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) were 11.2 (95% CI: 8.0-15.1) and 8.9 (95% CI: 6.1-12.5) per 1000 person-years, respectively; there were high age-specific rates of dementia among younger individuals. There was a trend of a higher risk of developing AD for women than for men. Multivariate analysis showed that older age, the presence of diabetes and the presence of amnestic MCI increased the risk of developing dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The age-specific rates in younger individuals were expressively higher than in worldwide studies and supposedly affected by cardiovascular morbidity. The higher risk in women in a younger sample corroborated the interaction between sex and AD. The increased risk of amnestic MCI reinforced its contribution to the progression to dementia and AD.

Prevalência de sintomas depressivos em pacientes com demência: correlação com sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e déficits nas atividades de vida diária / Prevalence of depressive symptoms in demented elderly, and the relationship with neuropsychiatric symptoms and activities of daily living impairment

INTRODUÇÃO. Transtornos Depressivos são altamente prevalentes em idosos com demência e estão associados com pior qualidade de vida, maior prevalência e gravidade de sintomas comportamentais, maior necessidade de institucionalização e utilização de serviços de saúde, maior morbidade e mortalidade e maior sobrecarga do cuidador. No entanto, em países em desenvolvimento, existem poucos estudos investigando sintomas depressivos em indivíduos com demência. OBJETIVO E MÉTODOS. Uma amostra populacional de 1563 indivíduos com 60 anos de idade ou mais provenientes de três diferentes classes socioeconômicas (alta, média e baixa) da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Os sujeitos foram avaliados no domicílio (fase de rastreamento) e no hospital (fase diagnóstica). Na fase de rastreamento, foram aplicados: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME), Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) e Bayer - Activity of Daily Living (B-ADL). Na fase diagnóstica, foram utilizados: Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination (CAMDEX), B-ADL, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) e Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). O diagnóstico de demência foi feito de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV-TR e dois pontos de corte na CSDD (>= 7 e >= 12) foram utilizados para quantificar os sintomas depressivos. RESULTADOS. Nos 102 pacientes com demência, usando um corte de >= 7 na CSDD, as taxas de prevalência de sintomas depressivos para os grupos Demência, Doença de Alzheimer (DA) e Demência Vascular (DV) foram, respectivamente, 46.1%, 40.6% e 44.4%. Considerando CSDD >= 12, as prevalências foram: 27.5%, 17.2% e 44.4%. O grupo DV apresentou mais sintomas depressivos que o grupo DA. Pacientes deprimidos mostraram maior prejuízo nas Atividades de Vida Diária e mais Sintomas Neuropsiquiátricos em todos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO. Sintomas depressivos foram altamente prevalentes em pacientes com demência...

INTRODUCTION. Depressive disorders are more prevalent in demented elderly and are associated with impaired quality of life, greater prevalence and severity of behavioral symptoms, increased need for institutionalization and health care utilization, higher morbidity and mortality, and greater caregiver burden. However, studies investigating depressive symptoms in demented elderly from developing countries are scarce. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS. A community-based sample of 1563 elderly subjects aged 60 or older from three different socioeconomic classes (high, medium and low) of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The subjects were assessed at home (screening phase) and hospital (diagnostic phase). The following instruments were applied in screening phase: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME), Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) and Bayer - Activity of Daily Living (B-ADL). In diagnostic phase were applied: Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination (CAMDEX), B-ADL, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). The diagnosis of dementia was made according to DSM-IV-TR, and two CSDD cut-off scores (>=7 and >=12) were applied to quantify depressive symptoms. RESULTS. In 102 demented patients, using the CSDD >=7, the prevalence rate of depressive symptoms for sample with Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Vascular Dementia (VaD) groups was, respectively, 46.1%, 40.6% and 44.4%. Considering CSDD >= 12, the prevalence was 27.5%, 17.2% and 44.4%. Vad group had more DS when compared with AD group. Depressed patients presented higher Activities of Daily Living Impairment and more Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in all groups. CONCLUSION. Depressive symptoms were highly prevalent in Brazilian demented patients, and VaD patients presented more symptoms that AD patients. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were associated with depressive...

Correlation between neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver burden in a population-based sample from São Paulo, Brazil: a preliminary report / Correlação entre sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e sobrecarga do cuidador em uma amostra comunitária de São Paulo, Brasil: um relato preliminar

Neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver burden are highly prevalent in older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD).OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver burden in a community-based sample from São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 1,563 randomly-selected subjects were assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination, Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly and Bayer - Activities of Daily Living Scale. Subjects considered screen-positives were submitted to a dementia workup and diagnosis was determined according to ICD-10 criteria. The neuropsychiatric Inventory was applied to caregivers to evaluate neuropsychiatric symptoms and the Zarit Burden Interview was also applied to assess caregivers' burden. RESULTS: Sixty-one AD patients, 25 Cognitively Impaired Non Demented (CIND) and 79 healthy elderly subjects were evaluated. Zarit mean scores for controls, CIND and AD were 2.32, 3.92 and 20.11, respectively. There was strong positive correlation between total NPI and Zarit scores.

Sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e sobrecarga do cuidador apresentam alta prevalência em idosos com doença de Alzheimer (DA). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação entre sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e sobrecarga do cuidador em uma amostra comunitária de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Um total de 1.563 indivíduos selecionados aleatóriamente foram avaliados através do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, "Fuld Object Memory Evaluation", "Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly" e da Escala Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária. Indivíduos considerados suspeitos foram submetidos a uma investigação para demência, sendo o diagnóstico feito com os critérios da CID-10. Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico foi aplicado nos cuidadores para avaliar sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e a Escala Zarit de Sobrecarga no Cuidador para avaliar sobrecarga nos cuidadores. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e um pacientes com DA, 25 sujeitos com Comprometimento Cognitivo não Demência (CIND) e 79 idosos saudáveis foram avaliados. A média dos escores da Zarit para controles, CIND e DA foi, respectivamente, 2,32, 3,92 e 20,11 pontos. Houve correlação positiva boa entre os escores da NPI e da Zarit. CONCLUSÃO: Sintomas neuropsiquiátricos mostraram uma associação significativa com escores mais elevados de estresse do cuidador.

Correlation between neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver burden in a population-based sample from São Paulo, Brazil: a preliminary report.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver burden are highly prevalent in older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD).OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver burden in a community-based sample from São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 1,563 randomly-selected subjects were assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination, Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly and Bayer - Activities of Daily Living Scale. Subjects considered screen-positives were submitted to a dementia workup and diagnosis was determined according to ICD-10 criteria. The neuropsychiatric Inventory was applied to caregivers to evaluate neuropsychiatric symptoms and the Zarit Burden Interview was also applied to assess caregivers' burden. RESULTS: Sixty-one AD patients, 25 Cognitively Impaired Non Demented (CIND) and 79 healthy elderly subjects were evaluated. Zarit mean scores for controls, CIND and AD were 2.32, 3.92 and 20.11, respectively. There was strong positive correlation between total NPI and Zarit scores. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, neuropsychiatric symptoms showed a significant association with higher rates of caregiver stress.

Sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e sobrecarga do cuidador apresentam alta prevalência em idosos com doença de Alzheimer (DA). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação entre sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e sobrecarga do cuidador em uma amostra comunitária de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Um total de 1.563 indivíduos selecionados aleatóriamente foram avaliados através do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, "Fuld Object Memory Evaluation", "Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly" e da Escala Bayer ­ Atividades de Vida Diária. Indivíduos considerados suspeitos foram submetidos a uma investigação para demência, sendo o diagnóstico feito com os critérios da CID-10. Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico foi aplicado nos cuidadores para avaliar sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e a Escala Zarit de Sobrecarga no Cuidador para avaliar sobrecarga nos cuidadores. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e um pacientes com DA, 25 sujeitos com Comprometimento Cognitivo não Demência (CIND) e 79 idosos saudáveis foram avaliados. A média dos escores da Zarit para controles, CIND e DA foi, respectivamente, 2,32, 3,92 e 20,11 pontos. Houve correlação positiva boa entre os escores da NPI e da Zarit. CONCLUSÃO: Sintomas neuropsiquiátricos mostraram uma associação significativa com escores mais elevados de estresse do cuidador.

Efficacy and safety of the brand-risperidone versus similar-risperidone in elderly patients with neuropsychiatric disorders: a retrospective study / Eficácia e segurança da risperidona-referência versus risperidona-similar em pacientes idosos com transtornos neuropsiquiátricos: um estudo retrospectivo

To compare the efficacy and tolerability of brand-risperidone against similar-risperidone in elderly outpatients. Method: The medical files of 16 elderly outpatients from the IPq-HCFMUSP treated with two formulations of risperidone (brand and similar) between July/1999 and February/2000 were reviewed. Two independent raters, using the Clinical Global Impression scale, evaluated the efficacy of the treatment with risperidone and the frequency of adverse effects. Results: Comparing October/1999 to November/1999, Rater 1 observed a trend (p=0.059) and Rater 2 found a statistically significant difference, in favor of the brand-risperidone group (p=0.014). Comparing October/1999 to February/2000, Rater 1 observed no statistically significant difference (p=0.190), but the Rater 2 found a statistically significant difference in favor of the brand-risperidone group (p=0.029). Comparing November/1999 to February/2000, both raters found no statistically significant differences between both risperidone formulations. Regarding adverse effects, a statistically significant difference (p=0.046) was found in favor of the patients treated with brand-risperidone. Conclusions: The risperidone-reference, compared to similar-risperidone, showed a trend toward greater efficacy and tolerability.

Comparar a eficácia e a tolerabilidade da risperidona-referência versus a risperidona-similar em pacientes idosos. Métodos: Os prontuários de 16 pacientes do IPq-HCFMUSP tratados com duas formulações de risperidona (referência e similar) entre julho/1999 e fevereiro/2000 foram revisados. Dois examinadores independentes, utilizando a escala de Impressão Clínica Global, avaliaram a eficácia do tratamento com risperidona e a freqüência de efeitos colaterais. Resultados: Comparando outubro/1999 e novembro/1999, o avaliador 1 observou uma tendência (p=0,059) e o examinador 2 encontrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa a favor da risperidona-referência (p=0,014). Comparando outubro/99 com fevereiro/2000, o avaliador 1 não encontrou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p=0,190), mas o examinador 2 encontrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa a favor da risperidona-referência (p=0,029). Entre novembro/1999 e fevereiro/2000, ambos examinadores não encontraram diferença significativas entre as formulações. Quanto aos efeitos colaterais, houve diferença significativa (p=0,046) a favor do grupo risperidona-referência. Conclusões: A risperidona-referência, quando comparada à risperidona-similar, mostrou tendência a maior eficácia e tolerabilidade.

Efficacy and safety of brand-risperidone versus similar-risperidone in elderly patients with neuropsychiatric disorders: A retrospective study.

To compare the efficacy and tolerability of brand-risperidone against similar-risperidone in elderly outpatients. METHOD: The medical files of 16 elderly outpatients from the IPq-HCFMUSP treated with two formulations of risperidone (brand and similar) between July/1999 and February/2000 were reviewed. Two independent raters, using the Clinical Global Impression scale, evaluated the efficacy of the treatment with risperidone and the frequency of adverse effects. RESULTS: Comparing October/1999 to November/1999, Rater 1 observed a trend (p=0.059) and Rater 2 found a statistically significant difference, in favor of the brand-risperidone group (p=0.014). Comparing October/1999 to February/2000, Rater 1 observed no statistically significant difference (p=0.190), but the Rater 2 found a statistically significant difference in favor of the brand-risperidone group (p=0.029). Comparing November/1999 to February/2000, both raters found no statistically significant differences between both risperidone formulations. Regarding adverse effects, a statistically significant difference (p=0.046) was found in favor of the patients treated with brand-risperidone. CONCLUSIONS: The risperidone-reference, compared to similar-risperidone, showed a trend toward greater efficacy and tolerability.

Comparar a eficácia e a tolerabilidade da risperidona-referência versus a risperidona-similar em pacientes idosos. MÉTODOS: Os prontuários de 16 pacientes do IPq-HCFMUSP tratados com duas formulações de risperidona (referência e similar) entre julho/1999 e fevereiro/2000 foram revisados. Dois examinadores independentes, utilizando a escala de Impressão Clínica Global, avaliaram a eficácia do tratamento com risperidona e a freqüência de efeitos colaterais. RESULTADOS: Comparando outubro/1999 e novembro/1999, o avaliador 1 observou uma tendência (p=0,059) e o examinador 2 encontrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa a favor da risperidona-referência (p=0,014). Comparando outubro/99 com fevereiro/2000, o avaliador 1 não encontrou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p=0,190), mas o examinador 2 encontrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa a favor da risperidona-referência (p=0,029). Entre novembro/1999 e fevereiro/2000, ambos examinadores não encontraram diferença significativas entre as formulações. Quanto aos efeitos colaterais, houve diferença significativa (p=0,046) a favor do grupo risperidona-referência. CONCLUSÕES: A risperidona-referência, quando comparada à risperidona-similar, mostrou tendência a maior eficácia e tolerabilidade.

Estimate of dementia prevalence in a community sample from São Paulo, Brazil.

AIMS: To estimate dementia prevalence and describe the etiology of dementia in a community sample from the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A sample of subjects older than 60 years was screened for dementia in the first phase. During the second phase, the diagnostic workup included a structured interview, physical and neurological examination, laboratory exams, a brain scan, and DSM-IV criteria diagnosis. RESULTS: Mean age was 71.5 years (n = 1,563) and 58.3% had up to 4 years of schooling (68.7% female). Dementia was diagnosed in 107 subjects with an observed prevalence of 6.8%. The estimate of dementia prevalence was 12.9%, considering design effect, nonresponse during the community phase, and positive and negative predictive values. Alzheimer's disease was the most frequent cause of dementia (59.8%), followed by vascular dementia (15.9%). Older age and illiteracy were significantly associated with dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The estimate of dementia prevalence was higher than previously reported in Brazil, with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia being the most frequent causes of dementia. Dementia prevalence in Brazil and in other Latin American countries should be addressed by additional studies to confirm these higher dementia rates which might have a sizable impact on countries' health services.

The Bayer: Activities of Daily Living Scale (B-ADL) in the differentiation between mild to moderate dementia and normal aging

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the applicability of the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale and its efficiency in differentiating individuals with mild to moderate dementia from normal elderly controls. METHOD: We selected 33 patients with diagnosis of mild to severe dementia, according to ICD-10 criteria, and 59 controls. All the subjects were evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale and the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale was applied to informants. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.981). Mean Mini-Mental State Examination and Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scores of demented patients and controls were significantly different (p < 0.001). Mean Mini-Mental State Examination and Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scores were significantly different between Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 0 (controls; n = 59) versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 1 (mild dementia; n = 15), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 0 versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 2 (moderate dementia; n = 13), and for Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 1 versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 2 (p < 0.003). DISCUSSION: The Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale and Mini-Mental State Examination differentiated elderly controls from patients with mild or moderate dementia, and patients with mild dementia from those with moderate dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale applied to an informant can help in the diagnosis and follow-up of Brazilian patients with mild to moderate dementia.

OBJETIVOS: Investigar a aplicabilidade da escala Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária e sua eficiência em diferenciar indivíduos com demência leve a moderada de indivíduos normais. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados 33 pacientes com diagnóstico de demência leve a grave, de acordo com os critérios da CID-10, e 59 controles. Todos os indivíduos foram avaliados pelo Mini-Exame do Estado Mental e pela Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência e os informantes responderam à Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária. RESULTADOS: A consistência interna da Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária foi alta (Cronbach Alpha = 0,981). A pontuação média do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental e da Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária foi significativamente diferente entre os pacientes com demência e o grupo controle (p < 0,001). Os valores do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental e da Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária foram significativamente diferentes entre a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 0 (controles; n = 59) e a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 1 (demência leve; n = 15), a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 0 e a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 2 (demência moderada; n = 13) e entre a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 1 e a Escala de Avaliação Clínica de Demência 2 (p < 0,003). DISCUSSÃO: A Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária e o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental diferenciaram controles idosos de pacientes com demência leve ou moderada, e pacientes com demência leve daqueles com demência moderada. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que a Bayer - Atividades de Vida Diária, aplicada aos cuidadores, é um instrumento que pode ajudar no diagnóstico e seguimento de pacientes brasileiros com demência leve a moderada.

The Bayer: Activities of Daily Living Scale (B-ADL) in the differentiation between mild to moderate dementia and normal aging.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the applicability of the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale and its efficiency in differentiating individuals with mild to moderate dementia from normal elderly controls. METHOD: We selected 33 patients with diagnosis of mild to severe dementia, according to ICD-10 criteria, and 59 controls. All the subjects were evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale and the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale was applied to informants. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.981). Mean Mini-Mental State Examination and Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scores of demented patients and controls were significantly different (p < 0.001). Mean Mini-Mental State Examination and Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scores were significantly different between Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 0 (controls; n = 59) versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 1 (mild dementia; n = 15), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 0 versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 2 (moderate dementia; n = 13), and for Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 1 versus Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 2 (p < 0.003). DISCUSSION: The Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale and Mini-Mental State Examination differentiated elderly controls from patients with mild or moderate dementia, and patients with mild dementia from those with moderate dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the Bayer - Activities of Daily Living scale applied to an informant can help in the diagnosis and follow-up of Brazilian patients with mild to moderate dementia.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease and cognitively impaired, nondemented elderly from a community-based sample in Brazil: prevalence and relationship with dementia severity.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer disease (AD) and cognitively impaired nondemented (CIND) subjects from a community-based Brazilian sample and to correlate these symptoms with severity of cognitive deficits. METHOD: A total of 1,563 randomly selected subjects were evaluated with the following screening tests: Mini-Mental Status Examination, Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, and Activities of Daily Living-International Scale. Screen positives were submitted to a workup for dementia, physical and neurologic examination, cranial computed tomography or cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Diagnosis was made according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria. RESULTS: Sixty patients with AD, 25 CIND, and 78 healthy elderly subjects were evaluated. Informants reported that 78.33% of patients with AD had one or more neuropsychiatric symptoms. Apathy (53.33%), depression (38.33%), sleep alterations (38.33%), and anxiety (25%) were the most prevalent disturbances in AD subjects. These disturbances were more prevalent in patients with AD than in the comparison group and CIND individuals. In the CIND group, the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms were anxiety and sleep alterations (both with 24%) followed by depression (16%). Total NPI scores were significantly different between AD and CIND groups, AD and comparison groups, and CIND and the comparison group. Apathy was the only neuropsychiatric symptom that was significantly different between the groups divided according to the CDR being more frequent in subjects with moderate to severe dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Neuropsychiatric symptoms seem to be as common in patients living in a developing country as they are in demented patients from the developed world. Indeed, the fact that some of our results are similar to other population-based studies may suggest that cultural factors play a minor role in the emergence of these symptoms, at least in a Latin American country like Brazil.